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A Babyonian spiral (OEIS A256111) is the figure formed by starting with a zero-vector at the origin and concatenating vectors such that each subsequent vector is the next one longer than the previous one that also lands on a position with integral Cartesian coordinates. That is, the $i$th vector has integer components $x_i$ and $y_i$ satisfying, $x_i^2 + y_i^2 = n_i^2 > n_{i-1}^2$. Each vector is chosen such that it minimizes the angular separation from the previous one.
The following code implements a Quadtree in Python (see the previous blog post for a description of quadtrees). There are three classes: Point
represents a point in two-dimensional space, with an optional "payload" (data structure associating the Point
with more information, for example the identity of an object). The Rect
class represents a rectangle in two-dimensional space through its centre, width and height. There are methods to determine if a given Point
object is inside the Rect
and to determine if the Rect
intersects another Rect
.
Following on from this post about the simple double pendulum, (two bobs connected by light, rigid rods), this post animates the double compound pendulum (also called a double complex or physical pendulum): two rods connected to each other, with their mass distributed along their length. The analysis on Wikipedia provides the dynamical equations for the case of equal-mass and equal-length rods. Here, the more general case of rods with lengths $l_1$ and $l_2$ and masses $m_1$ and $m_2$ is considered.
The Recamán sequence is a famous sequence invented by the Colombian mathematician, Bernardo Recamán Santos. It is defined by the following algorithm, starting at $a_0 = 0$:
The UK's Ordnance Survey mapping agency now makes its 50 m resolution elevation data freely-available through its online OpenData download service. This article uses Python, NumPy and Matplotlib to process and visualize these data without using a specialized GIS library.